Design and
verification of sheet-piles and bulkheads
รายละเอียดของโปรแกรม
DIADIM
- Design and verification of sheet-piles and bulkheads - several
levels of anchoring can be defined under different load
conditions - iterative calculation for correct evaluation of
successive excavation phases - the structure is calculated as a
flexible beam on elasto-plastic supports with different
constraints at the extremities - structural analysis of
different sections (continuous diaphragms, beam bulkheads,
armoured piles, sheet-piles) is performed through the
determination of the moment and vertical stress, determined in
the section under the highest stress, with a method based on the
limit-state concept used in conjunction with the partial safety
factor method (Eurocode 2).
The problem of dimensioning
and verifying these structures is solved by Diadim through a
finite differences model (FDM) that has been especially designed
to evaluate the interaction between soil and structure.
The distribution and magnitude of the loading and resisting
forces exerted on the structure are, in fact, greatly influenced
by the deformation of the terrain-structure combination, hence
it is necessary to use an advanced numerical method that takes
into account both the non-linear behaviour of the materials and
the time phases of the excavation operations.
The optimisation of the calculation algorithms and the user
interface dedicated to specificity of the problem, enable one to
analyse and verify quite complex situations with high precision
but in extremly very short times. Given the stratigraphy of the
terrain and the position of the aquifer above and below to the
work during the different excavation phases, the program
calculates the diaphragm as an elastic beam on elasto-plastic
supports.
The characteristics and deformability of the terrain are defined
in terms of underground modulus that can be defined directly by
the user at each stratigraphic level, or, alternatively, can be
calculated automatically using different methods based on the
geotechnical characterisation of the terrain.
The elastic characteristics of the structure can be explicitly
defined in terms of bending stiffness or be automatically
calculated on the basis of a description of the section itself;
the program can in fact calculate continuous diaphragms in
reinforced concrete, beam bulkheads, sheet piles and piles in
reinforced concrete.
The user can also choose various constraint conditions of the
top and bottom of the diaphragm. The program also enables one to
apply external moments and distributed horizontal loads or point
loads to the structures. It is possible to define multiple
anchoring levels, that can be schematised as tie rods (possibly
pre-stressed) that are only resistant to traction or as rigid braces
STRUTS (?) that are also able to absorb compression
stresses. The
removal of earth, downhill to the structure, can be divided into
different phases, in the numerical simulation. This is an
important characteristic of the program as it enables one to
take into account the deformations that result from previous
excavation phases and to re-calculate the response curve of the
terrain downhill to the structure during each excavation phase.
After having calculated the loads on the diaphragm, the program
switches to the actual structural analysis phase. The structure
is in fact tested for combined compressive and bending stress
and, in the case of reinforced piles, the shear resistance due
to the reinforcement is verified.
Verification of the moment and normal stress is performed in the
section subject to the highest stress using the Ultimate Limit
State method, according to Eurocode 2, which takes the
mechanical non-linearity of the materials and the non-linearity
of the structure into account.
The program determines the bending moment and the normal stress
of the calculation and compares these with the ultimate bending
moment before failure and the ultimate normal resistive stress,
respectively. The verification of the Shear is performed with
the standard method prescribed by Eurocode 2. The program
determines the maximum shear force acting on the section and
verifies that this is smaller than the bearing capacity of the
reinforced concrete beams (Vrd2) and of the reinforcements
(Vrd3).
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DIADIM
The optimisation of the calculation algorithms and the user
interface dedicated to specificity of the problem, enable one to
analyse and verify quite complex situations with high precision
but in extremly very short times. Given the stratigraphy of the
terrain and the position of the aquifer above and below to the
work during the different excavation phases, the program
calculates the diaphragm as an elastic beam on elasto-plastic
supports.
The
removal of earth, downhill to the structure, can be divided into
different phases, in the numerical simulation. This is an
important characteristic of the program as it enables one to
take into account the deformations that result from previous
excavation phases and to re-calculate the response curve of the
terrain downhill to the structure during each excavation phase.