| Carbonation |
(Concrete Engineering) 1) Reaction between the products of portland cement (soluble calcium hydroxides), water and carbon dioxide to produce insoluble calcium carbonate (efflorescence). 2) Soft white, chalky surface dusting of freshly placed, unhardened concrete caused by carbon dioxide from unvented heaters or gasoline powered equipment in an enclosed space. 3) Carbonated, dense, impermeable to absorption, top layer of the surface of concrete caused by surface reaction to carbon dioxide. This carbonated layer becomes denser and deeper over a period of time. 4) Reaction with carbon dioxide which produces a slight shrinkage in concrete. Improves chemical stability. Concrete masonry units during manufacturing may be deliberately exposed to carbon dioxide after reaching 80% strength to induce carbonation shrinkage to make the units more dimensionally stable. Future drying shrinkage is reduced by as much as 30%. |
| Cellular Concrete |
(Concrete Engineering) A lightweight product consisting of portland cement, cement-pozzolan, cement sand, lime-pozzolan, or lime-sand pastes, or pastes containing blends of these ingredients and having a homogenous void or cell structure, attained with gas forming chemicals or foaming agents. For cellular concretes, containing binder ingredients other than or in addition to portland cement, autoclave curing is usually employed. |
| HRM High Reactivity Metakaolin. |
(Concrete Engineering) Refined form of an ASTM C618, Class N (natural) pozzolan. A high performance, mineral admixture, similar in performance to silica fume, additionally comparable in cost. Pure white powdered in form will, not effect the natural color or darken concrete as silica fume does. Suitable for high-performance color matching in architectural concrete. Dosage at 5% to 10%, of cement by weight. No bleed water, better finishability, more creamy, cleanup is easier with slightly higher 28 day strengths and 25% - 35% less plasticizer is required than silica fume. |
| approach light |
แสงสว่างที่นำทางให้เครื่องบินลงทางวิ่งได้ถูกต้อง |
| borrowed light |
ช่องทดลอง ช่องกระจก ที่ผนังภายในหรือฝาประจันซึ่งทำไว้สำหรับรับแสงสว่าง
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| ceiling light |
ดวงไฟเพดาน |
| concealed lighting |
ไฟที่ซ่อนอยู่ในหลืบ เห็นแต่แสง |
| dome-light |
โคมไฟฟ้า รูปหรือฐานกลม |
| flight (of stairs) |
ช่วงบันได ระยะของลูกบันได ช่วงหนึ่งของขั้นบันได ที่ต่อเนื่องกันเป็นลำดับ |
| hopper light |
บานหน้าต่าง หรือช่องแสงเปิดเข้าในอาคาร |
