| Primary standards | (Environmental Engineering) Required drinking water quality standards related directly to human health. These standards are required and enforceable by the U.S. EPA. See secondary standards. |
| Publicly owned treatment works (POTW) | (Environmental Engineering) A municipal or domestic wastewater treatment facility. |
| Reactive waste | (Environmental Engineering) A waste which; 1) reacts violently with water, 2) forms potentially explosive mixtures with water, 3) is normally unstable, 4) contains cyanide or sulfide in sufficient quantity to evolve toxic fumes at high or low pH, 5) is capable of exploding if heated under pressure, or 6) is an explosive compound listed in Department of Transportation (DoT) regulations. One of EPA's four hazardous waste properties. |
| Reaeration | (Environmental Engineering) The dissolving of molecular oxygen from the atmosphere into the water. |
| Receiving water | (Environmental Engineering) A water which receives wastewater (treated or otherwise) discharges. |
| Receiving water quality standards | (Environmental Engineering) Standards which require a discharger to maintain a certain quality level in the receiving water. |
| Recycling | (Environmental Engineering) The recovery and reuse of a product which would otherwise be thrown away. |
| Refuse derived fuel (RDF) | (Environmental Engineering) A fuel derived from the combustible portion of municipal solid waste. The fuel is often processed into small briquettes, similar in size to charcoal. |
| Runoff | (Environmental Engineering) The water that flows overland to lakes or streams during and shortly after a precipitation event. |
| Saltwater intrusion | (Environmental Engineering) The gradual replacement of freshwater by saltwater in coastal areas where excessive pumping of groundwater occurs. |