| Carbonation | (Concrete Engineering) 1) Reaction between the products of portland cement (soluble calcium hydroxides), water and carbon dioxide to produce insoluble calcium carbonate (efflorescence). 2) Soft white, chalky surface dusting of freshly placed, unhardened concrete caused by carbon dioxide from unvented heaters or gasoline powered equipment in an enclosed space. 3) Carbonated, dense, impermeable to absorption, top layer of the surface of concrete caused by surface reaction to carbon dioxide. This carbonated layer becomes denser and deeper over a period of time. 4) Reaction with carbon dioxide which produces a slight shrinkage in concrete. Improves chemical stability. Concrete masonry units during manufacturing may be deliberately exposed to carbon dioxide after reaching 80% strength to induce carbonation shrinkage to make the units more dimensionally stable. Future drying shrinkage is reduced by as much as 30%. |
| Dry Rodded Weight | (Concrete Engineering) The weight of dry aggregate rodded into a cylindrical container of diameter approximately equal to the height, each of 3 layers rodded 25 times, and the excess aggregate struck off level with the top of the container |
| Gillmore Needle | (Concrete Engineering) A device used in determining time of setting of hydraulic cement, described in ASTM 0 266. Gradation The sizing of granular materials; for concrete materials, usually expressed in terms of cumulative percentages larger or smaller than each of a series of sieve openings or the percentages between certain ranges of sieve openings. |
| Particle-Size Distribution | (Concrete Engineering) Particle distribution of granular materials among various sizes; for concrete material normally designated as gradation. Usually expressed in terms of cumulative percentages smaller or larger than each of a series of sieve openings or percentages between certain ranges of sieve openings. |
| leaching cesspool | บ่อเกรอะ |
| beach | หาดทราย |
| beach-head | หัวหาด |
| breach | รอยแตก, ช่องโหว่ |
| each section | ผังด้านตัดของบ้านเรือนส่วนใดส่วนหนึ่ง, ข้างใดข้างหนึ่ง, ถอดออกได้เป็นท่อนๆ ใดท่อนหนึ่ง, แต่ละส่วนของรูปด้านตัด |
| chloride of lime | (เคมี) CaOCI2 ฟอก บางทีเรียก Bleaching Time ใช้ฟอกและเป็นยาทำลายเชื้อโรค |